He Wants to Spies Me Prayer Got Him to Love Me Again
7. Caleb: Requite Me This Mountain (Joshua 14:6-15)
Audio (31:43)
James J. Tissot, 'The Grapes of Canaan' (1896-1902), gouache on board, Jewish Museum, New York.
Nosotros're going to digress from the large picture of the Conquest to a personal story of conquest -- i that has been forty-five years in the making.
The main character hither is Caleb, by at present an onetime human of 85 years. And we'll take the opportunity to look at his career of faith -- and God's faithfulness -- beginning at the time of the Exodus.
One of the 12 Original Spies (Numbers thirteen-14)
The first time we meet Caleb, the people of Israel are encamped at Kadesh Barnea, an haven in the Negev desert south of the Promised Land. It has been only a yr or ii since they have come out of Egypt. The people have seen many miracles in that time -- the Red Ocean opening, h2o from the stone, and manna to feed a multitude. They've fought the Amalekite raiders and won. Moses has received the 10 Commandments on Mount Sinai and destroyed the golden dogie. The Israelites take ratified the Covenant, built the Tabernacle, and constructed the Ark of the Covenant. The essentials of their nationhood under God as their Rex have been established. It is at present time to enter the Promised Land.
At that fourth dimension, Caleb is about 40 years old, and a recognized leader of his tribe, the tribe of Judah, largest of the twelve tribes. The Lord has given Moses this directive:
"Send some men to explore the state of Canaan, which I am giving to the Israelites. From each ancestral tribe send 1 of its leaders." (Numbers 13:two)
So Caleb and eleven of his peers are sent on a reconnaissance mission into Canaan. They go n along the ridge of mountains that provide the backbone of the country, from Hebron in the southward all the fashion to Rehob[49] at the north end of the land. Peradventure they are posing equally traders; we don't know. Along the way they observe carefully what they run across: the nature of the cities and villages and their fortifications, the produce of the
land and its potential. Since they will exist dividing upwardly the land between the twelve tribes, information technology is important that representatives from all the tribes exist in on this initial survey of the state.
But they are specially impressed with the city of Hebron, a walled city in the south, perched most at the crest of the mountain concatenation at nearly 3,000 anxiety top. It is an ancient urban center, built seven years prior to Zoan in Egypt (which places its founding at about 1700 BC). What the spies see sobers them. For in this strongly fortified urban center live a race of giant men called the descendants of Anak, the Anakites or the Anakim. (The "-im" suffix in Hebrew usually indicates the plural.)
When the spies return, they carry a huge cluster of grapes -- the fruit of the land -- on a pole betwixt them. They talk nigh the abundance of the land, "it does flow with milk and honey." Just ten of the spies are clearly frightened by the prospect of conquest.
"The people who live in that location are powerful, and the cities are fortified and very large. We even saw descendants of Anak there. We seemed like grasshoppers in our own eyes, and we looked the same to them." (Numbers 13:28, 33)
The "bad study" of the ten spies is contagious. Past nightfall, their negative assessment of the danger has spread throughout the campsite, and with it the infectious fright of these tribal leaders. "That dark all the people of the community raised their voices and wept aloud" (Numbers 14:1). Women were sobbing that their husbands would be killed in battle and their children left fatherless. By forenoon, the men were ready to rebel, select some other leader, and return to Egypt.
Caleb's Faith
Just in the midst of this fear and unbelief 2 men stood firm in faith and hope -- Caleb and Joshua. When the ten spies were sharing their tale of terror, the scripture reports,
"Then Caleb silenced the people before Moses and said, 'Nosotros should get up and take possession of the land, for nosotros can certainly do it." (Numbers 13:thirty)
The next day besides, Caleb and Joshua try to sway the gathered Israelite crowds with their organized religion:
"The land nosotros passed through and explored is exceedingly good. If the LORD (Yahweh) is pleased with us, he will lead us into that land, a land flowing with milk and honey, and volition give it to us. Only do not rebel against the LORD. And do non be afraid of the people of the state, because we volition swallow them upward. Their protection is gone, but the LORD is with united states. Practise not be afraid of them.'" (Numbers 14:seven-9)
Notice the positive attitude. Notice the explicit mention of Yahweh in their words. The x spies don't even mention the LORD, only what they have seen that terrifies them. Joshua and Caleb have seen the same giants and the aforementioned heavily fortified cities, but they are looking through lenses of faith. They run across the LORD enabling them to conquer these people.
Only that day fear prevailed. Without a people united in faith behind Moses, whatsoever enterprise would be doomed to failure. The unbelief which had spread throughout the camp resulted in disunity and rebellion -- every bit fearfulness and unbelief always do. The LORD was angry with the people and vowed that none of their generation would enter the Promised Land, only Caleb and Joshua.
This famous act of rebellion is memorialized in Psalm 95 and afterward quoted in Hebrews 3:7-19.
"Today, if y'all hear his voice,
do not harden your hearts as yous did at Meribah,
equally y'all did that day at Massah in the desert,
where your fathers tested and tried me,
though they had seen what I did.
For forty years I was angry with that generation;
I said, 'They are a people whose hearts become astray,
and they have not known my ways.'
So I declared on oath in my anger,
"They shall never enter my rest." (Psalm 95:7b-11)
But Caleb and Joshua are different. They are the exceptions. They accept faith, and the obedience to follow God's directions.
"Merely because my servant Caleb has a different spirit and follows me wholeheartedly, I will bring him into the land he went to, and his descendants will inherit it." (Numbers 14:24)
We meet a similar quotation in Deuteronomy, where Moses recounts for the children of these rebels what God has said:
"... except Caleb son of Jephunneh. He will see it, and I will requite him and his descendants the country he set his feet on, because he followed the LORD wholeheartedly." (Deuteronomy 1:36)
Following Fully
Caleb followed the LORD "wholeheartedly" (NIV), with "consummate fidelity" (NRSV), "wholly" (ESV, KJV).[50] What a testimony! So oftentimes we follow the Lord mostly, or when it suits us. But when things get tough, and we must lean on faith rather than sight, we balk. Fearfulness sets in, and nosotros follow our fears instead of our religion.
Caleb is what Dr. Robert Schuller would have called a "possibility thinker," one who sees himself walking into the future, not alone, but leaning on the strong arm of his God. Friend, are yous post-obit God fully right now? Are you fully obedient? If not, what in you needs to change so y'all tin can align yourself with him?
Q1. (Numbers 14:24; Joshua 14:viii) What does information technology mean to follow the Lord "wholly" or "wholeheartedly"? How did Caleb and Joshua differ from the other spies? How does fear in leaders keep God'due south people from doing his will? Why was God aroused with State of israel for their unwillingness to enter the Promised Land?
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Was Hebron Reconquered by Caleb? (Joshua 14)
The sequence of Caleb's taking of Hebron in Joshua 14 is difficult for scholars to resolve completely. There are 2 differing points of view.
1. Detailed business relationship. Co-ordinate to this view, the account of the taking of Hebron and Debir in Joshua xi:22-23 "is anticipated and summarized as part of the conquest of the southern coalition." Thus the account in Joshua 14
"... is intended as a detailed development of the campaign in chapter xi and is signaled by both accounts ending with the phrase, 'Then the land had rest from state of war.' Thus this account is part of the overall conquest of the south."[51]
According to this view, the account of Caleb'south driving out of the Anakites (14:12; 15:xiv) took place under Joshua'south generalship. Joshua is given credit, though his lieutenants fought the actual battles.[52]
2. Reconquest. Still, it is also possible to see the southern entrada in Joshua 11 as the initial campaign to defeat the kings of these cities. Hebron was conquered by Joshua'due south army initially, just the inhabitants returned when the armies left, and they needed to be dislodged over again by Caleb when he was ready to take possession.
This obviously happened to Jerusalem (which was called Jebus). The king of Jerusalem was captured and killed by Joshua (xi:22-26), though some of his fleeing army were able to reach the fortified city of Jerusalem (11:20). Just in Joshua's fourth dimension, the Israelites were not able to accept Jerusalem (15:63; Judges 1:21); the urban center was occupied by David simply centuries afterward (2 Samuel 5:6), though Jebusites still owned property in the city after its capture (2 Samuel 24:18-25).
According to this view, when it comes to settling his family unit a few years subsequently, Caleb and his clan accept to reconquer the giants, who apparently escaped the initial battles and lived in Philistine cities for a time (11:21-22).
Either of these two interpretations is possible, but I'1000 more inclined to the latter, where battles by the tribal militia took identify during the settlement menstruum to finally clear the land and cities so that the Israelite families could settle in them.
In the terminal analysis, it doesn't matter greatly which mode information technology went. Nosotros know in our own personal spiritual battles that sometimes ground that nosotros conquered early on in our Christian lives is lost because nosotros failed to occupy it fully, and must be re-won. The battle is not over until we have fully occupied the footing. Then we must continue to defend it watchfully.
Caleb'southward Bold Claim (xiv:half-dozen-15)
When we come to Joshua 14, Caleb is identified as the legendary spy-leader from the tribe of Judah 45 years previous. Every bit Judah's tribal spokesman, he addresses Joshua, his old comrade-in-arms. Joshua knows the story, but Caleb repeats information technology again for the sake of all the others who were only children at the time.
In the passage that follows, we hear "vintage Caleb," the voice of the old, faith-filled warrior who nonetheless believes in Yahweh'southward ability.
"6 At present the men of Judah approached Joshua at Gilgal, and Caleb son of Jephunneh the Kenizzite said to him, 'Y'all know what the LORD said to Moses the man of God at Kadesh Barnea about you and me. 7 I was xl years old when Moses the servant of the LORD sent me from Kadesh Barnea to explore the land. And I brought him back a report co-ordinate to my convictions, viii merely my brothers who went up with me made the hearts of the people melt with fearfulness. I, however, followed the LORD my God wholeheartedly. 9 So on that day Moses swore[53] to me, 'The land on which your feet accept walked will be your inheritance and that of your children forever, considering y'all have followed the LORD my God wholeheartedly.'" (14:seven-9)
Before the state w of the Hashemite kingdom of jordan is fully distributed by lot (if the chronology of these chapters is sequential), Caleb stakes his own claim, based on the promise made to him by Moses and confirmed by an oath (though we exercise not have a record elsewhere of Moses' specific promise).
"Requite Me This Mountain" (14:12)
Caleb's faith is on full display in verses 10-12.
"Just as the LORD promised, he has kept me alive for xl-v years ... so here I am today, lxxx-five years old!" (14:10a)
"I am nonetheless as strong today equally the mean solar day Moses sent me out; I'm merely as vigorous to go out to battle now as I was then." (xiv:11)
"Now requite me this colina state ("mount," KJV)[54] that the LORD promised me that day." (14:12a)
"You yourself heard and then that the Anakites were there and their cities were large and fortified, but the LORD helping me, I will bulldoze them out just as he said." (14:12b)
Observe that in 3 out of the four statements in this department, Caleb mentions the name of Yahweh. "The LORD promised... The LORD promised... the LORD helping me." Here is a man who has learned to trust in the promises of God and stake his whole future on them. He knows what it is like to take the LORD help him, and he is trusting that the LORD will proceed to do so. This is exultant, powerful faith prior to the event. Information technology sounds like bragging, merely it is religion bragging on the ability of God to proceed his promises. I like that kind of organized religion!
Hebron
Joshua grants Caleb'due south request.
"13 Then Joshua blest Caleb son of Jephunneh and gave him Hebron as his inheritance. 14 Then Hebron has belonged to Caleb son of Jephunneh the Kenizzite ever since, because he followed the LORD, the God of Israel, wholeheartedly. 15 (Hebron used to exist called Kiriath Arba afterwards Arba, who was the greatest man amongst the Anakites.) Then the land had residuum from war." (14:13-xv)
Joshua gives Caleb Hebron as his inheritance. Manifestly, the grant involves the whole loma country surrounding Hebron, including the city of Debir (15:thirteen-xix), too known as Kiriath-Sepher (15:fifteen; Judges i:11) and Kiriath Sannah (fifteen:49).
Simply why Hebron? The Hebron district, specially around the great oaks of Mamre,"[55] had been the home of Abraham for many years.
"Abram moved his tents and went to live nearly the great trees of Mamre at Hebron, where he built an chantry to the LORD." (Genesis 13:xviii)
There he purchased the cave of Machpelah for a burial identify (Genesis 23:17).
James J. Tissot, 'Joshua Destroys the Giants' (1896-1902), gouache on lath, 8.75 x 8.25 in., The Jewish Museum, New York.
Caleb and the other spies had walked hundreds of miles up to the northernmost part of Canaan and back again. His anxiety had trod on the whole country. Simply of all Palestine that could have been his for the asking, Caleb chooses Hebron.
I think he wanted Hebron because there were the Anakite giants that had then terrified his fellow scouts 45 years previously. "We looked like grasshoppers in their eyes," they whimpered. "Bring them on," says Caleb. "They're no match for the LORD!" Forty-five years before he had counseled, "Their protection is gone, but the LORD is with us" (Numbers 14:9). Now he has a gamble to prove it as leader of "the men of Judah" (Judges i:ten). The giants stand for the enemies of Conquest, and Caleb is set for them.
Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai (15:xiv)
"From Hebron Caleb drove out the iii Anakites -- Sheshai, Ahiman and Talmai -- descendants of Anak." (Joshua 15:14)
Scripture gives their names three times (here; Numbers 13:22; Judges 1:ten). Why? Considering their names were well known. Giants are what legends are made of, like Goliath of Gath. You simply name peachy opponents, and these giants are swell enemies -- with great reputations to friction match. Just Caleb fearlessly drives them out. Doubtless the story was told again and over again around the campfires, "Practice yous remember when Caleb...."
Ambition and Faith
I've sometimes wondered, where is the fine line between bald ambition and bold faith? Certainly, Caleb has cherished a forty-five-year-onetime appetite to defeat the Anakite giants. He has something to evidence. He has a score to settle with them. Is this ambition of God? I believe and so.
Wait at Moses. Moses doesn't want to lead the people out of Egypt, but when he finally accepts this commission -- and God doesn't take "no" for an reply -- he puts all his heart and soul into the job. He personally identifies his crusade with God's and his ambition with God'southward. When God wonders aloud about destroying the unbelieving Israelites, Moses knows God's center and soul well enough to speak boldly well-nigh God'southward interests..
Sometimes, the people effectually godly leaders misunderstand. They mistake strong leadership for pride. Even those closest to Moses -- Aaron and Miriam -- accuse him of pride:
"Miriam and Aaron began to talk against Moses because of his Cushite wife, for he had married a Cushite. 'Has the LORD spoken only through Moses?' they asked. 'Hasn't he likewise spoken through us?' And the LORD heard this. (At present Moses was a very humble man, more apprehensive than anyone else on the face of the globe.)" (Numbers 12:1-iii)
Moses has internalized God's desires so that God's desires become Moses' ambitions. Men may run into it as pride, but God sees Moses equally a man after his own middle, one to whom God speaks "face to confront.""
Caleb, too, has developed a bold faith. When he is bragging, he is bragging on God, and exalting God, non himself. He and then identifies with God's cause that his ego is subsumed in God's -- much the same as that of the Apostle Paul a millennium later:
"I have been crucified with Christ and I no longer live, simply Christ lives in me. The life I live in the body, I alive by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me." (Galatians 2:xx)
Of class, we need to examine our hearts to find any self-exaltation we see there. Information technology is certainly possible for leaders to develop an ugly, self-centered pride. But our boldness can and should be in the LORD.
"'Allow him who boasts avowal near this:
that he understands and knows me,
that I am the LORD, who exercises kindness,
justice and righteousness on earth,
for in these I please,' declares the LORD" (Jeremiah nine:24)
Q2. (Joshua 14:6-fourteen) Why is Caleb boastful in verse 12? Is this a character flaw or a trait to exist emulated? Why practise yous think he claimed the hill country of Hebron for his inheritance? How can a potent leader be truly humble? Why are strong leaders oftentimes tempted towards pride?
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A Religion-Filled Son-in-Law (15:15-17; Judges ane:11-xiii)
James J. Tissot, 'Othniel' (1896-1903), gouache on board, The Jewish Museum, New York. I used this low-res image equally the ground of a watercolor I painted for the volume cover for this serial, since it is such a heroic opinion.
Now nosotros motion from the conquest of Hebron to the conquest of Debir, but 8 miles (13 km.) southwest of Hebron. [56] Debir (also known as Kiriath Sepher and Kiriath Sannah, xv:49) was a strategically placed, walled Canaanite city-state, ruled by a male monarch (10:39; 12:thirteen). Along with Hebron, this area had been occupied by the Anakites.
Only for some reason, Caleb decides not to lead the assail himself. Rather, he throws out a challenge:
"fifteen From there he marched against the people living in Debir (formerly called Kiriath Sepher). 16 And Caleb said, 'I will requite my daughter Acsah in marriage to the man who attacks and captures Kiriath Sepher.' 17 Othniel son of Kenaz, Caleb's brother, took information technology; so Caleb gave his daughter Acsah to him in spousal relationship." (15:15-17)
In the W these days, fathers and mothers don't usually determine whom their daughters will marry. Love is blind, and honey reigns. But in Caleb'southward day -- and to the present twenty-four hours in much of the East -- fathers decide whom their daughters will marry, and try to detect for their daughters men who will benefit by them, and raise the family's fortunes. How better to select a son-in-constabulary for your daughter than to offer her in marriage to the human being who leads in the attack and capture of a fortified city? That way yous get a bold, faith-filled son-in-law..
Othniel, son of Caleb's younger brother Kenaz (Judges one:13), accepts the challenge and leads his forces to take the city. He, too, is a man of faith, and no dubiety desires Acsah, whose name means "woman's anklet" (and the status of existence Caleb'south son-in-law). Though we might question marrying one'south niece, information technology was not forbidden by the Mosaic Law (Leviticus xviii), and was therefore commanded.
Plain, this is the aforementioned Othniel who serves as a judge later on.
"nine Only when the people of Israel cried out to the LORD, the LORD raised upwards a deliverer for the people of State of israel, who saved them, Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb'south younger brother. 10 The Spirit of the LORD was upon him, and he judged State of israel. He went out to state of war, and the LORD gave Cushan-rishathaim king of Mesopotamia into his hand. And his hand prevailed over Cushan-rishathaim. xi So the land had rest twoscore years. Then Othniel the son of Kenaz died." (Judges iii:nine-11)
Q3. (Joshua 15:15-17; Judges 3:9-11) What tin we deduce about Othniel'southward grapheme from Joshua fifteen:15-17? Why does Caleb offer his daughter in marriage? How does this narrow the pick of a son-in-constabulary? What is the power backside Othniel's judgeship according to Judges 3:10?
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A Faith-Filled Daughter (15:17-19)
Like father, similar daughter. Acsah seems to possess the boldness that characterizes her male parent.
"17 And Othniel the son of Kenaz, the brother of Caleb, captured information technology. And he gave him Acsah his daughter as wife. 18 When she came to him, she urged him to ask her father for a field. And she got off her donkey, and Caleb said to her, 'What exercise you want?' 19 She said to him, 'Give me a blessing. Since yous accept given me the state of the Negeb, give me also springs of water.' And he gave her the upper springs and the lower springs." (15:17-19)
Acsah asks her husband to asking a field from her father Caleb, who controls the state in the region effectually Debir.[57] But she doesn't expect for her request to get through channels. Every bit soon as she sees her father, while alighting from her donkey, Caleb can see that she has something on her mind (maybe Othniel has warned him that she wants the field), and so Caleb asks her, "What can I do for you lot."
"She replied, 'Do me a special favor. Since yous have given me country in the Negev [desert], give me also the springs of water.' Then Caleb gave her the upper and lower springs." (xv:19))
Negev is frequently used as a place name, but means here seems to be used generically as "desert-state,"[58] since Debir is not in what was considered the Negev proper, but in a comparatively dry location.[59]
Arid country is worthless without h2o. If Acsah is going to alive in Debir, she would need water.
So she asks for the "upper springs" and "lower springs." These must refer to water sources outside the natural territorial limits of Debir, but close enough to be transferred to its jurisdiction. The word translated "springs" is gullō ṯ, literally "basin(southward)," divers past W. F. Albright as "subterranean pockets and basins of water under some of the wadis," to which access was gained past cut a well shaft through the rock in the dry out creek beds.[60]
So she comes boldly to her father and asks for what she needs. Caleb grants it to her without a quarrel.
Caleb knows the LORD and the LORD'S willingness to fulfill his promises. And Acsah knows her male parent and doesn't hesitate to ask for what she needs. She knows he volition grant it. That, too, is faith. When nosotros know our Heavenly Male parent, we aren't afraid to inquire for what we need, for we know that he loves u.s. and delights in blessing us.
Acsah is a adult female who will not be denied her full inheritance. So often we are as well timid or afraid to boldly take what God promises usa. Nosotros meet examples of similar stiff women in the New Attestation.
- The adult female with the flow of blood presses through the crowd to become shut enough to Jesus that she can touch the hem of his garment, and receives her healing -- and citation from Jesus (Luke 8:43-48; Matthew 9:20-22; Mark 5:24-34).
- The Syro-Phoenician woman presses Jesus to heal her daughter, even though she is a foreigner and not a Jew, and receives her request with Jesus' adoration of her faith (Matthew 15:21-28; Marker 7:24-30).
- A sinful woman anoints Jesus in a Pharisee's abode out of thankfulness and love, and though scorned by the Pharisee, receives assurance of forgiveness and salvation from Jesus (Luke 7:36-fifty).
- Mary of Bethany, motivated by dearest, anoints Jesus with extravagantly expensive perfume, though the disciples rebuke her for it. Jesus promises that her story will be retold wherever the gospel is preached (John 12:1-eight; Matthew 26:6-13; Marker xiv:3-9).
- The persistent widow is featured in one of Jesus' parables where she won't quit pestering an unjust guess until he gives her justice (Luke eighteen:i-5).
Q4. (Joshua 15:17-19) What do nosotros learn about Acsah's character from this passage? Name some examples of stiff women of organized religion in the Bible. Proper noun some strong women of organized religion y'all have known personally.
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A Faith-Filled Heritage
Nosotros, too, like Caleb, Othniel, and Acsah, are part of a faith-filled family of God's people throughout the ages. Exemplars of faith are found on the pages of the Bible -- as well every bit in the lives of mature men and women in our churches. For our children and for generations to follow, you and I are the exemplars of organized religion. We are the ones who demand to take hold of God with a tenacious boldness and not let go, that nosotros might raise up children in the organized religion after usa.
"Wherefore seeing we as well are compassed about with so neat a deject of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset united states, and let u.s. run with patience the race that is set before u.s.a., looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith...." (Hebrews 12:1-2a, KJV))
Lessons for Disciples
Caleb's story offers a number of lessons of faith we can learn.
- God honors those who follow wholly or wholeheartedly. Disciples must not only see the realities of our world, simply fearlessly obey the Lord, even though the obstacles are neat (Numbers 14;24; 14:viii).
- We need to have a long-term view of waiting on God to fulfill his promises. Then, when the time is right, motion boldly frontward.
- Disciples boast in the Lord, though they must be careful to be humble before the Lord.
- One way of discerning leadership in others is to place before them a claiming and see who rises to the challenge (Joshua xv:15-17; Judges 3:9-11).
- There is a long tradition of potent women of God (and men) who are not content to permit life happen to them, just who printing in to receive God'southward promise (Joshua 15:17-nineteen). We should seek to follow in their steps.
Prayer
Lord, give thanks you for men and women of faith who held on until they received the promise. Forgive us for our "petty religion." Simply we ask you to give us the kind of tenacious faith and patience, that we too might exist known as believers in the Living God like Caleb. In Jesus' name, nosotros pray. Amen.
Fundamental Verses
"I ... followed the LORD my God wholeheartedly. So on that day Moses swore to me, 'The land on which your feet take walked will exist your inheritance and that of your children forever, because you have followed the LORD my God wholeheartedly.'" (Joshua 14:8-ix, NIV)
"Here I am today, fourscore-five years one-time! I am still as strong today as the solar day Moses sent me out; I'thousand just every bit vigorous to go out to battle now as I was so. At present give me this hill country that the LORD promised me that day. You lot yourself heard then that the Anakites were at that place and their cities were large and fortified, but, the LORD helping me, I will bulldoze them out merely equally he said." (Joshua 14:10b-12, NIV)
"Caleb said, 'I volition give my daughter Acsah in matrimony to the homo who attacks and captures Kiriath Sepher.' Othniel son of Kenaz, Caleb's brother, took it; then Caleb gave his daughter Acsah to him in spousal relationship." (Joshua xv:16-17, NIV)
"[Acsah] replied, 'Do me a special favor. Since you have given me country in the Negev, give me too springs of water.' And so Caleb gave her the upper and lower springs." (Joshua fifteen:19, NIV)
Endnotes
[49] Rehob is a city "near the entrance of Hamath" (Numbers xiii:21), probably the same as Beth-Rehob (2 Samuel 8:3; x:6, 8; Judges 18:28). This was probably located at the southern pes of Mt. Hermon (A.A. Anderson, two Samuel [Word Biblical Commentary; Give-and-take, 1989], p. 132), near Dan, probably the present-mean solar day Lebweh on the Orontes River below Riblah (Timothy R. Ashley, The Volume of Numbers [The New International Commentary on the Old Attestation; Eerdmans, p. 237).
[fifty] "Wholeheartedly" (NIV), with "consummate allegiance" (NRSV), "wholly" (ESV, KJV) is Hebrew mâlê ʾ, "to be full." In the Piel stalk information technology has the significant "remain loyal to" (Holladay, 195).
[51] Hess, Joshua (Tyndale), pp. 240-41.
[52] Woudstra, p. 197, footnote 14, considers this a possibility, though he sees a reconquering of Hebron.
[53] "Swore" is the Niphal stem of shābaʿ, "pledge" (Holladay, p. 359, 3). The verb is closely related to the Hebrew give-and-take for "seven."
[54] "Loma land" (NIV, NRSV, ESV), "mountain" (KJV) is har, which means in the singular (as here), "mountains, mountain range" (Holladay, p. 83).
[55] "Trees" (NIV), "oaks" (NRSV, ESV), "evidently" (KJV) is the plural of ʾēlôn, "great tree, tree of God." The noun is derived from ʾel/ohim, "God." (Holladay, pp. 16-17).
[56] Biblical Debir is probably to be identified with the present village of Khirbet Rabûd (A.F. Rainey, "Debir," ISBE one:903-904).
[57] The Septuagint, on the opposite, indicates that Othniel asked Acsah to inquire her father.
[58] "Negev" (NIV), "Negeb" (NRSV, ESV), "a south country" (KJV) is n egeb, "south," so "desert-land" of the Negeb, in the south of Canaan (Holladay, p. 225).
[59] William S. La Sor, "Kiriath-sepher," ISBE 3:42.
[60] Woudstra, Joshua, p. 242.
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